Чтобы связать прошлое действие с настоящим, используй have или has + причастие глагола. Многие формы простые (visited, finished, lived), но некоторые придётся просто запомнить: been, gone, seen, eaten, done.
have / has + причастие
I have visited Senfarren twice.
They have lived here for years.
She has eaten sushi before. (not "has eat")
Попробуйте: I ___ that film three times. (have seen / have see / have saw) Ответ: have seen — После have используем причастие: have seen. "See" — базовый глагол, а "saw" — прошедшая форма, которую используешь отдельно (I saw it yesterday). С have она становится seen.
has для he, she, it
Используй have с I, you, we, they. Меняй на has с he, she, it.
I have finished. / You have finished.
She has finished. / He has finished.
We have met them. / It has stopped raining.
Not "She have finished her homework." — say "She has finished her homework.". С he, she, it используй has, а не have.
Попробуйте: She ___ her homework already. (has finished / have finished / has finish) Ответ: has finished — С she используем has (не have): she has finished. И после has ставим причастие finished, а не базовую "finish".
Причастие (-ed и несколько особых)
После have / has используй причастие глагола. У большинства глаголов просто добавь -ed: work → worked, live → lived, play → played. Несколько частых глаголов ведут себя иначе, и их нужно запомнить: be → been, go → gone, do → done, have → had, see → seen, make → made, know → known, eat → eaten.
I have worked here for a year. (work → worked)
She has lived in Haffenville since May. (live → lived)
We have known each other for years. (know → known)
He has been ill since Monday. (be → been)
Not "We have know each other since school." — say "We have known each other since school.". После have / has используй причастие known, а не простое "know".
Попробуйте: We have ___ each other for ten years. (know) (known / knowed / knew) Ответ: known — Причастие от "know" — это "known" (не "knowed": это один из особых глаголов). "Knew" — прошедшая форма, а после have/has нужно причастие: have known.
haven't / hasn't
Для отрицания используй haven't или hasn't + причастие. (haven't = have not, hasn't = has not.)
I haven't seen that film.
He hasn't finished yet.
We haven't been to Senfarren.
Попробуйте: He ___ his lunch yet. (hasn't eaten / haven't eaten / hasn't ate) Ответ: hasn't eaten — С he отрицание — hasn't (не haven't). А после него идёт причастие eaten, а не "ate": he hasn't eaten.
Have you ever ...?
Чтобы спросить, ставь Have или Has в начало. Чтобы спросить про жизненный опыт, добавь ever: Have you ever ...?
Have you ever eaten sushi?
Has she ever been to Senfarren?
Have they finished?
Попробуйте: ___ you ever been to Senfarren? (Have / Do / Are) Ответ: Have — Чтобы спросить про жизненный опыт, начинай с Have: Have you ever been? "Do you been" и "Are you been" — это не настоящие формы, здесь нужен Have + причастие.
Используй для жизненного опыта
Одна большая работа have / has + причастия — говорить о жизненном опыте: о том, что случилось в твоей жизни, когда ты не называешь точное время. Частые слова: ever (в вопросах), never, before.
I have visited Senfarren. (some time in my life, I don't say when)
She has never eaten sushi.
Have you ever ridden a horse before?
Попробуйте: You want to ask about your friend's whole life, not one special day. Which fits? (Have you ever been to Senfarren? / Did you go to Senfarren yesterday? / Are you going to Senfarren?) Ответ: Have you ever been to Senfarren? — Для жизненного опыта без точного времени используй have + причастие с ever: Have you ever been...? "Did you go... yesterday" спрашивает про один конкретный день, а "Are you going" — про будущее.
Используй для того, что только что случилось
Третья работа have / has + причастия — то, что закончилось совсем недавно, когда результат важен сейчас. Здесь часто встречаются just и already.
I have just finished my work. (so I'm free now)
She has already eaten. (so she isn't hungry now)
We have lost our keys. (so we can't get in now)
Попробуйте: Which sentence shows something that finished a moment ago, with a result now? (I have just missed the bus. / I miss the bus every day. / I will miss the bus.) Ответ: I have just missed the bus. — "Have just missed" означает, что это случилось мгновение назад и важно сейчас (поэтому мне придётся ждать). "Miss every day" — это привычка, а "will miss" — будущее.
just, already (перед причастием)
just = только что, already = раньше, чем ожидалось. Оба ставятся перед причастием, между have / has и глаголом.
I have just finished.
She has already left.
We have already seen it.
Попробуйте: Where does "already" go? Pick the right sentence. (She has already left. / She already left. / She already has left.) Ответ: She has already left. — Already ставится между has и причастием: She has already left. "She already left" теряет has, а "She already has left" ставит already перед has.
yet (в конце)
yet = вплоть до сейчас. Оно ставится в конце отрицаний и вопросов.
Have you eaten yet?
They haven't arrived yet.
I haven't finished yet.
Попробуйте: He's still at work. He ___. (hasn't finished yet / doesn't finished yet / yet hasn't finished) Ответ: hasn't finished yet — В отрицании используем hasn't + причастие, а yet ставим в конец: He hasn't finished yet. "Doesn't finished" путает глаголы, а "yet hasn't finished" ставит yet в начало.