لربط فعل ماضٍ بالحاضر، استخدم have أو has + اسم المفعول للفعل. كثير منها سهل (visited, finished, lived)، لكن بعضها تحفظه فقط: been, gone, seen, eaten, done.
have / has + اسم المفعول
I have visited Senfarren twice.
They have lived here for years.
She has eaten sushi before. (not "has eat")
جرّب بنفسك: I ___ that film three times. (have seen / have see / have saw) الإجابة: have seen — بعد have، استخدم اسم المفعول: have seen. "See" هي الفعل المجرّد، و"saw" هي صيغة الماضي التي تستخدمها وحدها (I saw it yesterday). مع have، تصبح seen.
has مع he و she و it
استخدم have مع I, you, we, they. وتتحول إلى has مع he, she, it.
I have finished. / You have finished.
She has finished. / He has finished.
We have met them. / It has stopped raining.
Not "She have finished her homework." — say "She has finished her homework.". مع he و she و it، استخدم has، وليس have.
جرّب بنفسك: She ___ her homework already. (has finished / have finished / has finish) الإجابة: has finished — مع she، استخدم has (وليس have): she has finished. وبعد has يأتي اسم المفعول finished، وليس "finish" المجردة.
اسم المفعول (-ed وبضعة أفعال شاذة)
بعد have / has، استخدم اسم المفعول للفعل. لمعظم الأفعال، أضف -ed فقط: work → worked، live → lived، play → played. وبضعة أفعال شائعة تختلف فتحفظها: be → been، go → gone، do → done، have → had، see → seen، make → made، know → known، eat → eaten.
I have worked here for a year. (work → worked)
She has lived in Haffenville since May. (live → lived)
We have known each other for years. (know → known)
He has been ill since Monday. (be → been)
Not "We have know each other since school." — say "We have known each other since school.". بعد have / has، استخدم اسم المفعول وهي known، وليس "know" المجردة.
جرّب بنفسك: We have ___ each other for ten years. (know) (known / knowed / knew) الإجابة: known — اسم المفعول للفعل "know" هي "known" (وليست "knowed" — فهو من الأفعال الشاذة). "Knew" هي صيغة الماضي، لكن بعد have/has تحتاج إلى اسم المفعول: have known.
haven't / hasn't
للنفي، استخدم haven't أو hasn't + اسم المفعول. (haven't = have not، hasn't = has not.)
I haven't seen that film.
He hasn't finished yet.
We haven't been to Senfarren.
جرّب بنفسك: He ___ his lunch yet. (hasn't eaten / haven't eaten / hasn't ate) الإجابة: hasn't eaten — مع he، صيغة النفي هي hasn't (وليس haven't). وبعدها يأتي اسم المفعول eaten، وليس "ate": he hasn't eaten.
Have you ever ...?
للسؤال، ضع Have أو Has في البداية. للسؤال عن تجربة في الحياة، أضف ever: Have you ever ...؟
Have you ever eaten sushi?
Has she ever been to Senfarren?
Have they finished?
جرّب بنفسك: ___ you ever been to Senfarren? (Have / Do / Are) الإجابة: Have — للسؤال عن تجربة في الحياة، ابدأ بـ Have: Have you ever been? فـ"Do you been" و"Are you been" ليستا صيغتين صحيحتين، وهذا السؤال يستخدم Have + اسم المفعول.
استخدمها لتجربة في الحياة
من الوظائف الكبيرة لـ have / has + اسم المفعول الحديث عن تجربة في الحياة — شيء حدث في حياتك عندما لا تذكر الوقت المحدد. كلمات شائعة هنا: ever (في الأسئلة)، never، before.
I have visited Senfarren. (some time in my life, I don't say when)
She has never eaten sushi.
Have you ever ridden a horse before?
جرّب بنفسك: You want to ask about your friend's whole life, not one special day. Which fits? (Have you ever been to Senfarren? / Did you go to Senfarren yesterday? / Are you going to Senfarren?) الإجابة: Have you ever been to Senfarren? — لتجربة في الحياة بلا وقت محدد، استخدم have + اسم المفعول مع ever: Have you ever been...? أمّا "Did you go... yesterday" فتسأل عن يوم محدد، و"Are you going" تكون عن المستقبل.
استخدمها لشيء حدث للتوّ
الوظيفة الثالثة لـ have / has + اسم المفعول: شيء انتهى قبل وقت قصير، عندما تكون النتيجة مهمة الآن. just وalready شائعتان هنا.
I have just finished my work. (so I'm free now)
She has already eaten. (so she isn't hungry now)
We have lost our keys. (so we can't get in now)
جرّب بنفسك: Which sentence shows something that finished a moment ago, with a result now? (I have just missed the bus. / I miss the bus every day. / I will miss the bus.) الإجابة: I have just missed the bus. — "Have just missed" تعني أن الأمر انتهى قبل لحظة ويهمّ الآن (لذلك عليّ الانتظار). "Miss every day" عادة، و"will miss" للمستقبل.
just، already (قبل اسم المفعول)
just = قبل لحظة، already = أسرع ممّا كان متوقّعًا. كلتاهما تأتيان قبل اسم المفعول، بين have / has والفعل.
I have just finished.
She has already left.
We have already seen it.
جرّب بنفسك: Where does "already" go? Pick the right sentence. (She has already left. / She already left. / She already has left.) الإجابة: She has already left. — already تأتي بين has واسم المفعول: She has already left. "She already left" تحذف has، و"She already has left" تضع already قبل has.
yet (في النهاية)
yet = حتى الآن. تأتي في نهاية الجمل المنفية والأسئلة.
Have you eaten yet?
They haven't arrived yet.
I haven't finished yet.
جرّب بنفسك: He's still at work. He ___. (hasn't finished yet / doesn't finished yet / yet hasn't finished) الإجابة: hasn't finished yet — في جملة منفية، استخدم hasn't + اسم المفعول، مع yet في النهاية: He hasn't finished yet. "Doesn't finished" تخلط بين الأفعال، و"yet hasn't finished" تضع yet في البداية.