Para conectar una acción pasada con el ahora, usa have o has + el participio del verbo. Muchos son fáciles (visited, finished, lived), pero algunos simplemente se aprenden: been, gone, seen, eaten, done.
have / has + el participio
I have visited Senfarren twice.
They have lived here for years.
She has eaten sushi before. (not "has eat")
Pruébalo: I ___ that film three times. (have seen / have see / have saw) Respuesta: have seen — Después de have, usa el participio: have seen. "See" es el verbo tal cual, y "saw" es el pasado que usas solo (I saw it yesterday). Con have, se vuelve seen.
has para he, she, it
Usa have con I, you, we, they. Cambia a has con he, she, it.
I have finished. / You have finished.
She has finished. / He has finished.
We have met them. / It has stopped raining.
Not "She have finished her homework." — say "She has finished her homework.". Con he, she, it, usa has, no have.
Pruébalo: She ___ her homework already. (has finished / have finished / has finish) Respuesta: has finished — Con she, usa has (no have): she has finished. Y después de has, usa el participio finished, no el simple "finish".
El participio (-ed y unos pocos especiales)
Después de have / has, usa el participio del verbo. Para la mayoría, solo añade -ed: work → worked, live → lived, play → played. Unos pocos verbos comunes son distintos y se aprenden: be → been, go → gone, do → done, have → had, see → seen, make → made, know → known, eat → eaten.
I have worked here for a year. (work → worked)
She has lived in Haffenville since May. (live → lived)
We have known each other for years. (know → known)
He has been ill since Monday. (be → been)
Not "We have know each other since school." — say "We have known each other since school.". Después de have / has, usa el participio known, no el simple "know".
Pruébalo: We have ___ each other for ten years. (know) (known / knowed / knew) Respuesta: known — El participio de "know" es "known" (no "knowed": es uno de los especiales). "Knew" es la forma de pasado, pero después de have/has necesitas el participio: have known.
haven't / hasn't
Para el negativo, usa haven't o hasn't + el participio. (haven't = have not, hasn't = has not.)
I haven't seen that film.
He hasn't finished yet.
We haven't been to Senfarren.
Pruébalo: He ___ his lunch yet. (hasn't eaten / haven't eaten / hasn't ate) Respuesta: hasn't eaten — Con he, el negativo es hasn't (no haven't). Y después viene el participio eaten, no "ate": he hasn't eaten.
Have you ever ...?
Para preguntar, pon Have o Has al principio. Para preguntar por una experiencia de vida, añade ever: Have you ever ...?
Have you ever eaten sushi?
Has she ever been to Senfarren?
Have they finished?
Pruébalo: ___ you ever been to Senfarren? (Have / Do / Are) Respuesta: Have — Para preguntar por una experiencia de vida, empieza con Have: Have you ever been? "Do you been" y "Are you been" no son formas reales; esta usa Have + el participio.
úsalo para una experiencia de vida
Uno de los grandes usos de have / has + el participio es hablar de una experiencia de vida: algo que pasó en tu vida cuando no dices el momento exacto. Palabras comunes: ever (en preguntas), never, before.
I have visited Senfarren. (some time in my life, I don't say when)
She has never eaten sushi.
Have you ever ridden a horse before?
Pruébalo: You want to ask about your friend's whole life, not one special day. Which fits? (Have you ever been to Senfarren? / Did you go to Senfarren yesterday? / Are you going to Senfarren?) Respuesta: Have you ever been to Senfarren? — Para una experiencia de vida sin un tiempo exacto, usa have + el participio con ever: Have you ever been...? "Did you go... yesterday" pregunta por un día concreto, y "Are you going" habla del futuro.
úsalo para algo que acaba de pasar
Un tercer uso de have / has + el participio es algo que terminó hace muy poco, cuando el resultado importa ahora. just y already son comunes aquí.
I have just finished my work. (so I'm free now)
She has already eaten. (so she isn't hungry now)
We have lost our keys. (so we can't get in now)
Pruébalo: Which sentence shows something that finished a moment ago, with a result now? (I have just missed the bus. / I miss the bus every day. / I will miss the bus.) Respuesta: I have just missed the bus. — "Have just missed" significa que terminó hace un instante y que importa ahora (así que tengo que esperar). "Miss every day" es un hábito, y "will miss" es el futuro.
just, already (antes del participio)
just = hace un momento, already = antes de lo esperado. Ambos van antes del participio, entre have / has y el verbo.
I have just finished.
She has already left.
We have already seen it.
Pruébalo: Where does "already" go? Pick the right sentence. (She has already left. / She already left. / She already has left.) Respuesta: She has already left. — Already va entre has y el participio: She has already left. "She already left" quita el has, y "She already has left" pone already antes de has.
yet (al final)
yet = hasta ahora. Va al final de negativos y preguntas.
Have you eaten yet?
They haven't arrived yet.
I haven't finished yet.
Pruébalo: He's still at work. He ___. (hasn't finished yet / doesn't finished yet / yet hasn't finished) Respuesta: hasn't finished yet — En un negativo, usa hasn't + el participio, con yet al final: He hasn't finished yet. "Doesn't finished" confunde los verbos, y "yet hasn't finished" pone yet al principio.