Pour relier une action passée au moment présent, utilise have ou has + le participe passé du verbe. Beaucoup sont faciles (visited, finished, lived), mais d’autres sont à mémoriser : been, gone, seen, eaten, done.
have / has + le participe passé
I have visited Senfarren twice.
They have lived here for years.
She has eaten sushi before. (not "has eat")
Essayez: I ___ that film three times. (have seen / have see / have saw) Réponse: have seen — Après have, utilise le participe passé : have seen. « See » est la forme de base, et « saw » est le past simple utilisé seul (I saw it yesterday). Avec have, cela devient seen.
has pour he, she, it
Utilise have avec I, you, we, they. Passe à has avec he, she, it.
I have finished. / You have finished.
She has finished. / He has finished.
We have met them. / It has stopped raining.
Not "She have finished her homework." — say "She has finished her homework.". Avec he, she, it, utilise has, pas have.
Essayez: She ___ her homework already. (has finished / have finished / has finish) Réponse: has finished — Avec she, utilise has (pas have) : she has finished. Et après has, utilise le participe passé finished, pas la forme de base « finish ».
Le participe passé (-ed et formes particulières)
Après have / has, utilise le participe passé du verbe. Pour la plupart des verbes, ajoute simplement -ed : work → worked, live → lived, play → played. Quelques verbes très courants sont différents et s’apprennent par cœur : be → been, go → gone, do → done, have → had, see → seen, make → made, know → known, eat → eaten.
I have worked here for a year. (work → worked)
She has lived in Haffenville since May. (live → lived)
We have known each other for years. (know → known)
He has been ill since Monday. (be → been)
Not "We have know each other since school." — say "We have known each other since school.". Après have / has, utilise le participe passé known, et non la forme de base « know ».
Essayez: We have ___ each other for ten years. (know) (known / knowed / knew) Réponse: known — Le participe passé de « know » est « known » (pas « knowed » — c’est un verbe irrégulier). « Knew » est la forme du past simple, mais après have/has il te faut le participe passé : have known.
haven't / hasn't
Pour la négation, utilise haven't ou hasn't + le participe passé. (haven't = have not, hasn't = has not).
I haven't seen that film.
He hasn't finished yet.
We haven't been to Senfarren.
Essayez: He ___ his lunch yet. (hasn't eaten / haven't eaten / hasn't ate) Réponse: hasn't eaten — Avec he, la négation est hasn't (pas haven't). Et après, on place le participe passé eaten, pas « ate » : he hasn't eaten.
Have you ever ...?
Pour poser une question, place Have ou Has au début. Pour interroger sur une expérience de vie, ajoute ever : Have you ever ...?
Have you ever eaten sushi?
Has she ever been to Senfarren?
Have they finished?
Essayez: ___ you ever been to Senfarren? (Have / Do / Are) Réponse: Have — Pour poser une question sur une expérience de vie, commence par Have : Have you ever been? « Do you been » et « Are you been » n’existent pas, on utilise Have + le participe passé.
pour parler d’une expérience de vie
L’un des grands rôles de have / has + participe passé est de parler d’une expérience de vie — quelque chose qui s’est produit dans ta vie quand tu ne précises pas le moment exact. Mots fréquents : ever (dans les questions), never, before.
I have visited Senfarren. (some time in my life, I don't say when)
She has never eaten sushi.
Have you ever ridden a horse before?
Essayez: You want to ask about your friend's whole life, not one special day. Which fits? (Have you ever been to Senfarren? / Did you go to Senfarren yesterday? / Are you going to Senfarren?) Réponse: Have you ever been to Senfarren? — Pour une expérience de vie sans moment précis, utilise have + le participe passé avec ever : Have you ever been...? « Did you go... yesterday » pose une question sur un jour précis, et « Are you going » concerne le futur.
pour une action qui vient de se produire
Un autre rôle de have / has + participe passé est d’exprimer une action terminée il y a très peu de temps, dont le résultat compte maintenant. just et already sont très courants ici.
I have just finished my work. (so I'm free now)
She has already eaten. (so she isn't hungry now)
We have lost our keys. (so we can't get in now)
Essayez: Which sentence shows something that finished a moment ago, with a result now? (I have just missed the bus. / I miss the bus every day. / I will miss the bus.) Réponse: I have just missed the bus. — « Have just missed » signifie que l’action vient tout juste de se produire et a des conséquences maintenant (je dois donc attendre). « Miss every day » est une habitude, et « will miss » renvoie au futur.
just, already (avant le participe passé)
just = il y a un instant, already = plus tôt que prévu ou déjà. Les deux se placent avant le participe passé, entre have / has et le verbe.
I have just finished.
She has already left.
We have already seen it.
Essayez: Where does "already" go? Pick the right sentence. (She has already left. / She already left. / She already has left.) Réponse: She has already left. — Already se place entre has et le participe passé : She has already left. « She already left » oublie has, et « She already has left » place already avant has.
yet (en fin de phrase)
yet = pas encore (ou déjà dans une question). Il se place à la fin des négations et des questions.
Have you eaten yet?
They haven't arrived yet.
I haven't finished yet.
Essayez: He's still at work. He ___. (hasn't finished yet / doesn't finished yet / yet hasn't finished) Réponse: hasn't finished yet — Dans une phrase négative, utilise hasn't + le participe passé, avec yet à la fin : He hasn't finished yet. « Doesn't finished » mélange les auxiliaires, et « yet hasn't finished » met yet au début.