과거의 일을 현재와 연결할 때는 have 또는 has + 동사의 과거분사를 써요. 많은 동사는 만들기 쉽지만(visited, finished, lived), 따로 외워야 하는 동사도 있어요: been, gone, seen, eaten, done.
have / has + 과거분사
I have visited Senfarren twice.
They have lived here for years.
She has eaten sushi before. (not "has eat")
해 보세요: I ___ that film three times. (have seen / have see / have saw) 정답: have seen — have 뒤에는 과거분사를 써요: have seen. "See"는 동사원형이고, "saw"는 단독으로 쓰는 과거형이에요(I saw it yesterday). have와 함께 쓰면 seen이 돼요.
Not "She have finished her homework." — say "She has finished her homework.". he, she, it에는 have가 아니라 has를 써요.
해 보세요: She ___ her homework already. (has finished / have finished / has finish) 정답: has finished — she에는 have가 아니라 has를 써요: she has finished. 그리고 has 뒤에는 기본 형태인 "finish"가 아니라 과거분사 finished를 써요.
과거분사 (-ed 및 불규칙 형태)
have / has 뒤에는 동사의 과거분사를 써요. 대부분의 동사는 뒤에 -ed만 붙이면 돼요: work → worked, live → lived, play → played. 몇몇 자주 쓰는 동사는 형태가 다르므로 외워 두어야 해요: be → been, go → gone, do → done, have → had, see → seen, make → made, know → known, eat → eaten.
I have worked here for a year. (work → worked)
She has lived in Haffenville since May. (live → lived)
We have known each other for years. (know → known)
He has been ill since Monday. (be → been)
Not "We have know each other since school." — say "We have known each other since school.". have / has 뒤에는 기본 형태인 "know"가 아니라 과거분사 known을 써요.
해 보세요: We have ___ each other for ten years. (know) (known / knowed / knew) 정답: known — "know"의 과거분사는 "knowed"가 아니라 "known"이에요(불규칙 동사예요). "Knew"는 과거형이고, have/has 뒤에는 과거분사가 필요하므로 have known이 맞아요.
haven't / hasn't
부정문에는 haven't 또는 hasn't + 과거분사를 써요. (haven't = have not, hasn't = has not)
I haven't seen that film.
He hasn't finished yet.
We haven't been to Senfarren.
해 보세요: He ___ his lunch yet. (hasn't eaten / haven't eaten / hasn't ate) 정답: hasn't eaten — he의 부정형은 haven't가 아니라 hasn't예요. 그리고 뒤에는 "ate"가 아니라 과거분사 eaten이 와요: he hasn't eaten.
Have you ever ...?
질문할 때는 Have나 Has를 맨 앞에 둬요. 살면서 해 본 경험을 물을 때는 ever를 넣어요: Have you ever ...?
Have you ever eaten sushi?
Has she ever been to Senfarren?
Have they finished?
해 보세요: ___ you ever been to Senfarren? (Have / Do / Are) 정답: Have — 살면서 해 본 경험을 물을 때는 Have로 시작해요: Have you ever been? "Do you been"이나 "Are you been"은 올바른 형태가 아니며, 여기서는 Have + 과거분사를 써요.
살면서 해 본 경험에 쓰기
have / has + 과거분사의 중요한 쓰임새 중 하나는 살면서 해 본 경험, 즉 정확한 시간을 말하지 않고 살면서 일어난 일에 대해 말하는 거예요. 자주 함께 쓰는 단어: ever(의문문에서), never, before.
I have visited Senfarren. (some time in my life, I don't say when)
She has never eaten sushi.
Have you ever ridden a horse before?
해 보세요: You want to ask about your friend's whole life, not one special day. Which fits? (Have you ever been to Senfarren? / Did you go to Senfarren yesterday? / Are you going to Senfarren?) 정답: Have you ever been to Senfarren? — 정확한 시간 언급 없이 경험을 물을 때는 ever와 함께 have + 과거분사를 써요: Have you ever been...? "Did you go... yesterday"는 명확한 특정 날짜를 묻는 것이고, "Are you going"은 미래에 대한 질문이에요.
방금 일어난 일에 쓰기
have / has + 과거분사의 또 다른 쓰임새는 조금 전에 끝난 일로서 그 결과가 지금 중요한 상황을 나타내는 거예요. 이때 just와 already를 자주 써요.
I have just finished my work. (so I'm free now)
She has already eaten. (so she isn't hungry now)
We have lost our keys. (so we can't get in now)
해 보세요: Which sentence shows something that finished a moment ago, with a result now? (I have just missed the bus. / I miss the bus every day. / I will miss the bus.) 정답: I have just missed the bus. — "Have just missed"는 방금 전에 일어난 일이라 지금 결과가 중요하다는 뜻이에요(그래서 기다려야 하죠). "Miss every day"는 습관이고, "will miss"는 미래예요.
just, already (과거분사 앞)
just = 방금 전, already = 생각보다 일찍. 둘 다 have / has와 동사 사이, 즉 과거분사 앞에 들어가요.
I have just finished.
She has already left.
We have already seen it.
해 보세요: Where does "already" go? Pick the right sentence. (She has already left. / She already left. / She already has left.) 정답: She has already left. — Already는 has와 과거분사 사이에 와요: She has already left. "She already left"는 has가 빠졌고, "She already has left"는 already를 has 앞에 잘못 둔 문장이에요.
yet (문장 끝)
yet = 지금까지는, 아직. 부정문과 의문문의 끝에 들어가요.
Have you eaten yet?
They haven't arrived yet.
I haven't finished yet.
해 보세요: He's still at work. He ___. (hasn't finished yet / doesn't finished yet / yet hasn't finished) 정답: hasn't finished yet — 부정문에서는 hasn't + 과거분사를 쓰고 yet을 끝에 둬요: He hasn't finished yet. "Doesn't finished"는 동사를 잘못 섞어 썼고, "yet hasn't finished"는 yet을 앞에 잘못 둔 문장이에요.