برای وصل کردنِ یه کارِ گذشته به الان، از have یا has + شکل سوم فعل استفاده کن. خیلیهاشون سادهان (visited, finished, lived)، ولی بعضیها رو فقط یاد میگیری: been, gone, seen, eaten, done.
have / has + شکل سوم فعل
I have visited Senfarren twice.
They have lived here for years.
She has eaten sushi before. (not "has eat")
خودت امتحان کن: I ___ that film three times. (have seen / have see / have saw) جواب: have seen — بعد از have، از شکل سوم فعل استفاده کن: have seen. «See» فعل سادهست، و «saw» گذشتهایه که تنها به کار میبری (I saw it yesterday). با have، میشه seen.
has برای he, she, it
با I, you, we, they از have استفاده کن. با he, she, it بذارش has.
I have finished. / You have finished.
She has finished. / He has finished.
We have met them. / It has stopped raining.
Not "She have finished her homework." — say "She has finished her homework.". با he, she, it، از has استفاده کن، نه have.
خودت امتحان کن: She ___ her homework already. (has finished / have finished / has finish) جواب: has finished — با she، از has استفاده کن (نه have): she has finished. و بعد از has، از شکل سوم فعل یعنی finished استفاده کن، نه فعل سادهی «finish».
شکل سوم فعل (-ed و چند تا استثنا)
بعد از have / has، از شکل سوم فعل استفاده کن. برای بیشتر فعلها فقط -ed اضافه کن: work → worked، live → lived، play → played. چند فعلِ رایج فرق دارن و حفظشون میکنی: be → been، go → gone، do → done، have → had، see → seen، make → made، know → known، eat → eaten.
I have worked here for a year. (work → worked)
She has lived in Haffenville since May. (live → lived)
We have known each other for years. (know → known)
He has been ill since Monday. (be → been)
Not "We have know each other since school." — say "We have known each other since school.". بعد از have / has، از شکل سوم فعل یعنی known استفاده کن، نه فعل سادهی «know».
خودت امتحان کن: We have ___ each other for ten years. (know) (known / knowed / knew) جواب: known — شکل سومِ «know» میشه «known» (نه «knowed» — یکی از اون استثناهاست). «Knew» شکلِ گذشتهست، ولی بعد از have/has به شکل سوم فعل نیاز داری: have known.
haven't / hasn't
برای منفی، از haven't یا hasn't + شکل سوم فعل استفاده کن. (haven't = have not، hasn't = has not.)
I haven't seen that film.
He hasn't finished yet.
We haven't been to Senfarren.
خودت امتحان کن: He ___ his lunch yet. (hasn't eaten / haven't eaten / hasn't ate) جواب: hasn't eaten — با he، منفیش hasn't ـه (نه haven't). و بعدش شکل سوم فعل یعنی eaten میآد، نه «ate»: he hasn't eaten.
Have you ever ...?
برای سؤال، Have یا Has رو اول بذار. برای پرسیدن دربارهی یه تجربهی زندگی، ever اضافه کن: Have you ever ...?
Have you ever eaten sushi?
Has she ever been to Senfarren?
Have they finished?
خودت امتحان کن: ___ you ever been to Senfarren? (Have / Do / Are) جواب: Have — برای پرسیدن دربارهی یه تجربهی زندگی، با Have شروع کن: Have you ever been? «Do you been» و «Are you been» شکلهای واقعی نیستن، این یکی از Have + شکل سوم فعل استفاده میکنه.
برای یه تجربهی زندگی به کارش ببر
یه کارِ مهمِ have / has + شکل سوم فعل اینه که دربارهی یه تجربهی زندگی حرف بزنی — کاری که توی زندگیت اتفاق افتاده وقتی زمانِ دقیقش رو نمیگی. کلمههای رایج: ever (توی سؤالها)، never، before.
I have visited Senfarren. (some time in my life, I don't say when)
She has never eaten sushi.
Have you ever ridden a horse before?
خودت امتحان کن: You want to ask about your friend's whole life, not one special day. Which fits? (Have you ever been to Senfarren? / Did you go to Senfarren yesterday? / Are you going to Senfarren?) جواب: Have you ever been to Senfarren? — برای یه تجربهی زندگی بدونِ زمانِ دقیق، از have + شکل سوم فعل با ever استفاده کن: Have you ever been...? «Did you go... yesterday» دربارهی یه روزِ مشخص میپرسه، و «Are you going» دربارهی آیندهست.
برای چیزی که همین الان اتفاق افتاده به کارش ببر
کارِ سومِ have / has + شکل سوم فعل چیزیه که یهکم پیش تموم شده، وقتی نتیجهش الان مهمه. just و already اینجا رایجان.
I have just finished my work. (so I'm free now)
She has already eaten. (so she isn't hungry now)
We have lost our keys. (so we can't get in now)
خودت امتحان کن: Which sentence shows something that finished a moment ago, with a result now? (I have just missed the bus. / I miss the bus every day. / I will miss the bus.) جواب: I have just missed the bus. — «Have just missed» یعنی یه لحظه پیش تموم شده و الان مهمه (پس باید صبر کنم). «Miss every day» یه عادته، و «will miss» آیندهست.
just, already (قبل از شکل سوم فعل)
just = یه لحظه پیش، already = زودتر از اونی که انتظار میرفت. هر دو قبل از شکل سوم فعل میآن، بین have / has و فعل.
I have just finished.
She has already left.
We have already seen it.
خودت امتحان کن: Where does "already" go? Pick the right sentence. (She has already left. / She already left. / She already has left.) جواب: She has already left. — Already بین has و شکل سوم فعل میآد: She has already left. «She already left» اون has رو میندازه، و «She already has left» already رو قبل از has میذاره.
yet (آخرش)
yet = تا الان. آخرِ منفیها و سؤالها میآد.
Have you eaten yet?
They haven't arrived yet.
I haven't finished yet.
خودت امتحان کن: He's still at work. He ___. (hasn't finished yet / doesn't finished yet / yet hasn't finished) جواب: hasn't finished yet — توی یه منفی، از hasn't + شکل سوم فعل استفاده کن، با yet آخرش: He hasn't finished yet. «Doesn't finished» فعلها رو قاطی میکنه، و «yet hasn't finished» yet رو جلو میذاره.