Para ligar uma ação passada com o agora, use have ou has + o particípio do verbo. Muitos são fáceis (visited, finished, lived), mas alguns você simplesmente decora: been, gone, seen, eaten, done.
have / has + o particípio
I have visited Senfarren twice.
They have lived here for years.
She has eaten sushi before. (not "has eat")
Experimente: I ___ that film three times. (have seen / have see / have saw) Resposta: have seen — Depois de have, use o particípio: have seen. "See" é o verbo no infinitivo, e "saw" é o passado que você usa sozinho (I saw it yesterday). Com have, ele vira seen.
has para he, she, it
Use have com I, you, we, they. Mude para has com he, she, it.
I have finished. / You have finished.
She has finished. / He has finished.
We have met them. / It has stopped raining.
Not "She have finished her homework." — say "She has finished her homework.". Com he, she, it, use has, não have.
Experimente: She ___ her homework already. (has finished / have finished / has finish) Resposta: has finished — Com she, use has (não have): she has finished. E depois de has, use o particípio finished, não o infinitivo "finish".
O particípio (-ed e alguns fora do padrão)
Depois de have / has, use o particípio do verbo. Para a maioria dos verbos, é só adicionar -ed: work → worked, live → lived, play → played. Alguns verbos comuns são diferentes e você aprende cada um: be → been, go → gone, do → done, have → had, see → seen, make → made, know → known, eat → eaten.
I have worked here for a year. (work → worked)
She has lived in Haffenville since May. (live → lived)
We have known each other for years. (know → known)
He has been ill since Monday. (be → been)
Not "We have know each other since school." — say "We have known each other since school.". Depois de have / has, use o particípio known, não o simples "know".
Experimente: We have ___ each other for ten years. (know) (known / knowed / knew) Resposta: known — O particípio de "know" é "known" (não "knowed" — é um dos fora do padrão). "Knew" é a forma do passado, mas depois de have/has você precisa do particípio: have known.
haven't / hasn't
Para o negativo, use haven't ou hasn't + o particípio. (haven't = have not, hasn't = has not.)
I haven't seen that film.
He hasn't finished yet.
We haven't been to Senfarren.
Experimente: He ___ his lunch yet. (hasn't eaten / haven't eaten / hasn't ate) Resposta: hasn't eaten — Com he, o negativo é hasn't (não haven't). E depois vem o particípio eaten, não "ate": he hasn't eaten.
Have you ever ...?
Para perguntar, coloque Have ou Has primeiro. Para perguntar sobre uma experiência de vida, acrescente ever: Have you ever ...?
Have you ever eaten sushi?
Has she ever been to Senfarren?
Have they finished?
Experimente: ___ you ever been to Senfarren? (Have / Do / Are) Resposta: Have — Para perguntar sobre uma experiência de vida, comece com Have: Have you ever been? "Do you been" e "Are you been" não são formas reais, essa usa Have + o particípio.
use para uma experiência de vida
Um dos principais usos de have / has + o particípio é falar de uma experiência de vida — algo que aconteceu na sua vida quando você não diz o tempo exato. Palavras comuns: ever (em perguntas), never, before.
I have visited Senfarren. (some time in my life, I don't say when)
She has never eaten sushi.
Have you ever ridden a horse before?
Experimente: You want to ask about your friend's whole life, not one special day. Which fits? (Have you ever been to Senfarren? / Did you go to Senfarren yesterday? / Are you going to Senfarren?) Resposta: Have you ever been to Senfarren? — Para uma experiência de vida sem tempo exato, use have + o particípio com ever: Have you ever been...? "Did you go... yesterday" pergunta sobre um dia específico, e "Are you going" é sobre o futuro.
use para algo que acabou de acontecer
Um terceiro uso de have / has + o particípio é para algo que terminou há pouco tempo, quando o resultado importa agora. just e already são comuns aqui.
I have just finished my work. (so I'm free now)
She has already eaten. (so she isn't hungry now)
We have lost our keys. (so we can't get in now)
Experimente: Which sentence shows something that finished a moment ago, with a result now? (I have just missed the bus. / I miss the bus every day. / I will miss the bus.) Resposta: I have just missed the bus. — "Have just missed" significa que terminou há um instante e importa agora (então eu tenho que esperar). "Miss every day" é um hábito, e "will miss" é o futuro.
just, already (antes do particípio)
just = há um instante, already = mais cedo do que se esperava. As duas vêm antes do particípio, entre have / has e o verbo.
I have just finished.
She has already left.
We have already seen it.
Experimente: Where does "already" go? Pick the right sentence. (She has already left. / She already left. / She already has left.) Resposta: She has already left. — Already fica entre has e o particípio: She has already left. "She already left" tira o has, e "She already has left" coloca already antes de has.
yet (no final)
yet = até agora. Ele fica no final de negativas e perguntas.
Have you eaten yet?
They haven't arrived yet.
I haven't finished yet.
Experimente: He's still at work. He ___. (hasn't finished yet / doesn't finished yet / yet hasn't finished) Resposta: hasn't finished yet — Numa negativa, use hasn't + o particípio, com yet no final: He hasn't finished yet. "Doesn't finished" mistura os verbos, e "yet hasn't finished" coloca yet no início.