از for با یه مدت زمان استفاده کن، برای گفتنِ چقدر مدت: for five years، for a week، for two hours.
for + یه مدت زمان
I have lived here for five years.
She has worked there for six months.
We have known each other for a long time.
خودت امتحان کن: She has worked at the clinic ___ six months. (for / since / from) جواب: for — Six months یه مدت زمانه (چقدر مدت)، پس از for استفاده کن: for six months. «Since» برای یه نقطهی شروعه (since January)، و «from» اینجا با حال کامل به کار نمیره.
since + یه نقطهی شروع
از since با یه نقطه در زمان استفاده کن، برای گفتنِ کِی شروع شده: since Monday، since 2019، since I was a child.
I have lived here since 2019.
She has worked there since January.
We have known each other since school.
خودت امتحان کن: Hiroshi has lived in Haffenville ___ 2019. (since / for / from) جواب: since — 2019 یه نقطهست که کِی شروع شده، پس از since استفاده کن: since 2019. «For» برای یه مدته (for five years)، و «from» بعدش به یه «to» نیاز داره.
هنوز ادامه داره: have / has done
با for و since، اون چیز قبلاً شروع شده و هنوز ادامه داره، پس از have / has + شکل سوم فعل استفاده کن، نه حالِ ساده یا گذشته.
I have studied English for two years. (I still study it.)
We have stayed at this hotel since Friday.
Camila has lived here since she was young.
Not "I live here for three years." — say "I have lived here for three years.". قبلاً شروع شده و هنوز ادامه داره، پس از have lived استفاده کن، نه «live»ِ ساده.
خودت امتحان کن: We ___ each other since school. (have known / know / knew) جواب: have known — توی مدرسه شروع شده و هنوز هم برقراره، پس از have known استفاده کن. «Know» فقط الانه، و «knew» تمامشده به گوش میرسه، انگار دیگه اونها رو نمیشناسی.
نه گفتن و پرسیدنِ How long؟
برای نه گفتن، n't رو به have/has بچسبون: haven't (have not) / hasn't (has not) + شکل سوم فعل. برای پرسیدنِ How long، با How long have / has …؟ شروع کن.
I haven't seen Camila since Monday.
He hasn't lived here for long.
We haven't lived here since we were children — only since last year.
How long have you lived in Haffenville?
How long has she worked at the clinic?
Not "How long you have lived here?" — say "How long have you lived here?". توی سؤال، have قبل از you میآد: How long have you lived…?
خودت امتحان کن: ___ have you lived in Haffenville? (How long / How much / How many) جواب: How long — برای پرسیدن دربارهی زمان از شروع تا الان، از How long have / has …؟ استفاده کن. «How much» دربارهی مقدار میپرسه و «How many» دربارهی تعداد، نه طولِ زمان.
خودت امتحان کن: I ___ seen Camila since Monday. (haven't / don't / didn't) جواب: haven't — شکل سوم فعل (have + seen) منفیش رو با haven't / hasn't میسازه: I haven't seen. «Don't» و «didn't» برای حال و گذشتهی سادهان، نه برای have/has + شکل سوم فعل.
for یا since؟ (یه تستِ سریع)
از خودت بپرس: یه طولِ زمانه یا یه نقطهی شروع؟ یه طول (چه مدت) → for. نقطهای که شروع شد → since. نکته: اگه بتونی «the last…» جلوش بذاری (the last five years)، معمولاً forـه.
for two weeks, for an hour, for ages → a length → for
since Tuesday, since 9 o'clock, since we met → a starting point → since
I've been busy for three days. / I've been busy since Monday.
Not "I have known her for last year." — say "I have known her since last year.". «Last year» یه نقطهی شروعه (کِی شروع شد)، پس since، نه for.
خودت امتحان کن: Lars has played the guitar ___ ten years, and in a band ___ last summer. (for … since / since … for / for … for) جواب: for … since — Ten years یه مدته ← for. Last summer یه نقطهی شروعه ← since. یه مدت زمان for میگیره؛ یه نقطهی شروع since میگیره.