because, so, although (A2)

از because برای دادنِ دلیل استفاده کن، برای جوابِ چرا. دلیل درست بعد از because می‌آد.

because دلیل رو می‌ده

• We stayed home because it was raining.
• She's happy because she passed her exam.
• He left early because he felt sick.

so نتیجه رو می‌ده

از so برای دادنِ نتیجه استفاده کن، اینکه بعدش چی شد. نتیجه درست بعد از so می‌آد.

• It was raining, so we stayed home.
• She studied hard, so she passed.
• He felt sick, so he left early.
• خودت امتحان کن: Amina می‌خواد توضیح بده چرا خونه موند. دلیلش بارون بود. کدوم دلیل رو می‌ده؟ (I stayed home because it was raining. / I stayed home so it was raining.) جواب: I stayed home because it was raining. — داره دلیل رو می‌ده (چرا خونه موند)، پس از because استفاده کن: because it was raining. «So it was raining» یعنی بارون نتیجه‌ی خونه موندن بود، که بی‌معنیه.
• خودت امتحان کن: Hiroshi می‌خواد بگه در نتیجه چی کار کرد. بارون اول اومد؛ خونه موندن چیزی بود که بعدش شد. کدوم نتیجه رو می‌ده؟ (It was raining, so I stayed home. / It was raining, because I stayed home.) جواب: It was raining, so I stayed home. — داره نتیجه رو می‌ده (بعدش چی کار کرد)، پس از so استفاده کن: so I stayed home. «Because I stayed home» می‌گه بارون به‌خاطرِ اون اومد، که برعکسه.

although یه غافلگیری نشون می‌ده

از although استفاده کن وقتی بخشِ دوم بعد از اولی یه غافلگیریه، نه چیزی که انتظارش رو داری. می‌تونه اولِ جمله بیاد (با ویرگول) یا وسط وصل بشه (بدون ویرگول).

• Although it was raining, we went out. (surprising, you'd expect us to stay in)
• She passed although she didn't study.
• Although the hotel was expensive, we enjoyed it.
• خودت امتحان کن: انتظار داری هوای بد آدم‌ها رو خونه نگه داره. ولی Mei و دوست‌هاش با این حال بیرون رفتن. یه غافلگیریه. کدوم غافلگیری رو نشون می‌ده؟ (Although it was raining, they went out. / Because it was raining, they went out.) جواب: Although it was raining, they went out. — بیرون رفتن توی بارون غافلگیرکننده‌ست، پس از although استفاده کن: Although it was raining, they went out. «Because it was raining» یعنی بارون دلیلِ بیرون رفتنشون بود، نه یه غافلگیری.

but یه تضاد رو نشون می‌ده

از but برای وصل‌کردنِ دو تا فکر که فرق دارن یا غافلگیرکننده‌ان استفاده کن. but وسط می‌آد، معمولاً با یه ویرگول قبلش. مثلِ although، یه تضاد رو نشون می‌ده — ولی although می‌تونه اولِ جمله بیاد، در حالی که but فقط وسط وصل می‌کنه.

• It was raining, but we went out.
• The hotel was expensive, but we enjoyed it.
• I was tired, but I finished my work.
• Not "But it was raining, we went out." — say "It was raining, but we went out.". But وسط وصل می‌کنه؛ نمی‌تونه مثلِ although اولِ جمله بیاد.
• خودت امتحان کن: اتاق کوچیک بود. شاید انتظار داشته باشی این بد باشه. ولی راحت بود. این دو تا فکر با هم فرق دارن. کدوم تضاد رو نشون می‌ده؟ (The room was small, but it was comfortable. / The room was small, so it was comfortable.) جواب: The room was small, but it was comfortable. — این دو تا فکر فرق دارن (کوچیک، ولی راحت)، پس از but برای نشون‌دادنِ تضاد استفاده کن: small, but comfortable. «So it was comfortable» یعنی کوچیک‌بودن اتاق رو راحت کرده، که معنیش این نیست.

فقط یه کلمه‌ی وصل‌کننده به کار ببر

یه کلمه‌ی وصل‌کننده انتخاب کن، نه دوتا. because ... so رو با هم نگو، و although ... but رو هم با هم نگو.

• Because it rained, we stayed home. (not "Because it rained, so we stayed")
• Although I was tired, I went out. (not "Although I was tired, but I went out")
• Not "Although I was tired, but I went out." — say "Although I was tired, I went out.". Although خودش غافلگیری رو نشون می‌ده، پس به but هم نیازی نداری.
• خودت امتحان کن: Which one is right? (Because it was late, we went home. / Because it was late, so we went home. / Although it was late, but we went home.) جواب: Because it was late, we went home. — یه کلمه‌ی وصل‌کننده کافیه: Because it was late, we went home. «Because ... so» و «Although ... but» دو تا کلمه‌ی وصل‌کننده رو با هم می‌ذارن، در حالی که فقط یکی لازمه.