استخدم for مع مدة زمنية، لتقول كم من الوقت: for five years، for a week، for two hours.
for + مدة زمنية
I have lived here for five years.
She has worked there for six months.
We have known each other for a long time.
جرّب بنفسك: She has worked at the clinic ___ six months. (for / since / from) الإجابة: for — Six months مدة زمنية (كم من الوقت)، فاستخدم for: for six months. أمّا "Since" فلنقطة بداية (since January)، و"from" لا تُستخدم هكذا مع present perfect.
since + نقطة بداية
استخدم since مع نقطة زمنية، لتقول متى بدأ: since Monday، since 2019، since I was a child.
I have lived here since 2019.
She has worked there since January.
We have known each other since school.
جرّب بنفسك: Hiroshi has lived in Haffenville ___ 2019. (since / for / from) الإجابة: since — 2019 نقطة بداية، فاستخدم since: since 2019. أمّا "For" فلمدة زمنية (for five years)، و"from" تحتاج "to" بعدها.
ما زال قائمًا الآن: have / has done
مع for و since، يكون الشيء قد بدأ من قبل وما زال قائمًا الآن، فاستخدم have / has + اسم المفعول، وليس المضارع أو الماضي المجرد.
I have studied English for two years. (I still study it.)
We have stayed at this hotel since Friday.
Camila has lived here since she was young.
Not "I live here for three years." — say "I have lived here for three years.". بدأ من قبل وما زال قائمًا، فاستخدم have lived، وليس "live" المجردة.
جرّب بنفسك: We ___ each other since school. (have known / know / knew) الإجابة: have known — بدأ في المدرسة وما زال قائمًا الآن، فاستخدم have known. "Know" تعبّر عن الآن فقط، و"knew" توحي بأنها انتهت، وكأنك لم تعد تعرفهم.
النفي والسؤال بـ How long?
لتقول لا، ألحق n't بـ have/has: haven't (have not) / hasn't (has not) + اسم المفعول. أمّا السؤال عن المدة فابدأه بـ How long have / has …?
I haven't seen Camila since Monday.
He hasn't lived here for long.
We haven't lived here since we were children — only since last year.
How long have you lived in Haffenville?
How long has she worked at the clinic?
Not "How long you have lived here?" — say "How long have you lived here?". في السؤال، تأتي have قبل you: How long have you lived…?
جرّب بنفسك: ___ have you lived in Haffenville? (How long / How much / How many) الإجابة: How long — للسؤال عن الوقت من البداية حتى الآن، استخدم How long have / has …? أمّا "How much" فتسأل عن الكمية و"How many" عن العدد، لا عن طول المدة.
جرّب بنفسك: I ___ seen Camila since Monday. (haven't / don't / didn't) الإجابة: haven't — اسم المفعول (have + seen) تُنفى بـ haven't / hasn't: I haven't seen. أمّا "Don't" و"didn't" فللمضارع والماضي المجردين، لا لـ have/has + اسم المفعول.
for أم since؟ (فحص سريع)
اسأل نفسك: هل هي مدة زمنية أم نقطة بداية؟ المدة (كم من الوقت) → for. ونقطة بدء الأمر → since. نصيحة: إذا استطعت وضع "the last…" قبلها (the last five years)، فهي غالبًا for.
for two weeks, for an hour, for ages → a length → for
since Tuesday, since 9 o'clock, since we met → a starting point → since
I've been busy for three days. / I've been busy since Monday.
Not "I have known her for last year." — say "I have known her since last year.". "Last year" نقطة بداية (متى بدأ الأمر)، لذلك استخدم since، وليس for.
جرّب بنفسك: Lars has played the guitar ___ ten years, and in a band ___ last summer. (for … since / since … for / for … for) الإجابة: for … since — Ten years مدة زمنية ← for. Last summer نقطة بداية ← since. المدة الزمنية تأخذ for؛ ونقطة البداية تأخذ since.