Particípio passado: gone, seen, done (A2)

Depois de have ou has, use o past participle (particípio). Na maioria dos verbos, é a forma com -ed, igual ao passado: worked, played, cleaned.

-ed: igual ao passado

• I have cleaned my room.
• She has watched that movie.
• Experimente: Woman: The kitchen floor is all wet. Man: I have ___ it. Please don't walk on it! Escolha o que o homem diz. (cooked / washed / ate) Resposta: washed — O chão está molhado porque ele lavou: he has washed it.

Igual ao passado

Muitos verbos têm a mesma forma no passado e depois de have / has: bought, paid, found, lost, told, met, heard, felt.

• I have bought the tickets.
• She has told me everything.
• We have met before.
• Experimente: Man: Can I give you some money for dinner? Woman: No, it's okay. I've ___ for it. Escolha o que a mulher diz. (waited / took / paid) Resposta: paid — Ele quer dar dinheiro para ela, mas ela já pagou o jantar: she has paid for dinner.

Particípios: gone, seen, eaten, taken, given

Alguns verbos mudam mais: go → gone, see → seen, eat → eaten, take → taken, give → given.

• He has gone home.
• We have taken the bus.
• She has given me her number.
• Not "I have saw that movie." — say "I have seen that movie.". Depois de have, use seen, e não saw.
• Experimente: Man: Is there any pizza left? Woman: Sorry! The kids have ___ it all. Escolha o que a mulher diz. (eaten / ate / seen / saw) Resposta: eaten — Depois de have vem eaten, não ate. Não sobrou pizza.

Particípios: been, done, had, made

Estes mudam assim: be → been, do → done, have → had, make → made.

• I have been here before.
• She has done the dishes.
• We have had a great day.
• He has made a lot of friends.
• Experimente: Woman: Do you want to watch a movie? Man: Sure. I've ___ all my work. Escolha o que o homem diz. (made / broke / done) Resposta: done — Com trabalho, o verbo é do, então ele terminou o trabalho: he has done it.

Particípios: written, spoken, known, broken

Estes mudam assim: write → written, speak → spoken, know → known, break → broken.

• I have written to her.
• Have you spoken to the teacher?
• I have known her all my life.
• He has broken his arm.
• Experimente: Man: The TV doesn't work. Woman: I know. Your cousin has ___ it. Escolha o que a mulher diz. (broken / fixed / wrote) Resposta: broken — A TV não funciona, então o primo quebrou: the cousin has broken it.

get → got → gotten: o particípio de get

Depois de have / has, o inglês americano costuma usar gotten, o particípio de get.

• It has gotten cold outside.
• She has gotten a new job.
• Experimente: Man: Do you still hear from your old teacher? Woman: Yes. I've ___ two letters from her this month. Escolha o que a mulher diz. (gotten / getted / written / wrote) Resposta: gotten — Depois de I've vem gotten. As cartas vieram da professora.