얼마 동안인지 기간의 길이를 나타낼 때는 for를 써요: for five years, for a week, for two hours.
for + 기간의 길이
I have lived here for five years.
She has worked there for six months.
We have known each other for a long time.
해 보세요: She has worked at the clinic ___ six months. (for / since / from) 정답: for — Six months는 기간의 길이(얼마 동안)이므로 for를 써서 for six months라고 해요. "Since"는 시작 시점에 쓰고(since January), "from"은 여기서 현재완료와 함께 쓰지 않아요.
since + 시작된 시점
언제 시작되었는지 특정한 시점을 나타낼 때는 since를 써요: since Monday, since 2019, since I was a child.
I have lived here since 2019.
She has worked there since January.
We have known each other since school.
해 보세요: Hiroshi has lived in Haffenville ___ 2019. (since / for / from) 정답: since — 2019는 시작된 시점이므로 since를 써서 since 2019라고 해요. "For"는 기간의 길이에 쓰고(for five years), "from"은 뒤에 "to"가 따라와야 해요.
지금도 이어지는 일: have / has done
for와 since를 쓸 때는 과거에 시작된 일이 지금도 이어지고 있으므로, 단순 현재나 과거형이 아니라 have / has + 과거분사를 써요.
I have studied English for two years. (I still study it.)
We have stayed at this hotel since Friday.
Camila has lived here since she was young.
Not "I live here for three years." — say "I have lived here for three years.". 과거에 시작되어 지금도 이어지고 있으므로 단순 현재형 "live"가 아니라 have lived를 써요.
해 보세요: We ___ each other since school. (have known / know / knew) 정답: have known — 학창 시절에 시작되어 지금도 이어지고 있으므로 have known을 써요. "Know"는 지금만을 나타내고, "knew"는 이제는 모르는 사람처럼 완전히 지난 일로 들려요.
부정문 및 How long? 의문문
부정문을 만들 때는 have/has 뒤에 n't를 붙여요: haven't(have not) / hasn't(has not) + 과거분사. 기간을 물을 때는 How long have / has …?로 시작해요.
I haven't seen Camila since Monday.
He hasn't lived here for long.
We haven't lived here since we were children — only since last year.
How long have you lived in Haffenville?
How long has she worked at the clinic?
Not "How long you have lived here?" — say "How long have you lived here?". 의문문에서는 have가 you 앞에 와요: How long have you lived…?
해 보세요: ___ have you lived in Haffenville? (How long / How much / How many) 정답: How long — 시작부터 지금까지 이어진 기간을 물을 때는 How long have / has …?를 써요. "How much"는 양을, "How many"는 개수를 묻는 표현으로 기간의 길이와는 맞지 않아요.
해 보세요: I ___ seen Camila since Monday. (haven't / don't / didn't) 정답: haven't — 과거분사(have + seen)의 부정형은 haven't / hasn't로 만들어요: I haven't seen. "Don't"와 "didn't"는 단순 현재나 과거형에 쓰는 것이지 have/has + 과거분사에는 쓰지 않아요.
for일까요, since일까요? (간단 확인법)
스스로에게 물어보세요. 기간의 길이인가요, 아니면 시작된 시점인가요? 기간의 길이(얼마 동안) → for. 시작된 시점 → since. 팁: 앞에 "the last…"를 붙일 수 있다면(the last five years), 대부분 for를 써요.
for two weeks, for an hour, for ages → a length → for
since Tuesday, since 9 o'clock, since we met → a starting point → since
I've been busy for three days. / I've been busy since Monday.
Not "I have known her for last year." — say "I have known her since last year.". "Last year"는 시작된 시점(시작된 때)이므로 for가 아니라 since를 써요.
해 보세요: Lars has played the guitar ___ ten years, and in a band ___ last summer. (for … since / since … for / for … for) 정답: for … since — Ten years는 기간의 길이 → for. Last summer는 시작된 시점 → since. 기간의 길이에는 for를 쓰고, 시작된 시점에는 since를 써요.