Perfect Gerunds (C1 Grammar)

Perfect gerunds (having + past participle) allow you to show that one action happened before another, adding precision to your expression of time relationships between events.

Quick tip: Perfect gerund = 'having done' (active) or 'having been done' (passive) - shows the action happened BEFORE the main verb.

Form: having + past participle

Use having + past participle to show an action happened before the main verb.

After certain verbs

Use perfect gerunds after regret, deny, admit, recall, remember, forget, mention.

Passive perfect gerund

Use having been + past participle for passive meaning.

Common mistakes

Practise it

Think about sequence: 'I regret having said that' = I said it first, then I regretted it. The gerund action always comes first.