Gapping and sluicing are advanced ellipsis patterns that create concise, elegant prose. Gapping omits repeated verbs in parallel clauses; sluicing replaces full clauses with a single wh-word. These patterns are characteristic of sophisticated written and spoken English.
Practice tip: Look for repeated verbs in parallel structures (gapping) and redundant wh-clauses (sluicing). Omit the repeated elements while keeping meaning clear.