Formal and idiomatic expressions (B2 Vocabulary)

An idiom is a set phrase whose meaning you can't fully work out from the separate words, and its wording is often locked. All three below are informal-to-neutral: natural in conversation and semi-formal writing, but too casual for a formal report. Night and day means a dramatic, obvious difference between two things. To buy into an idea is to accept and believe in it. To have a hazy idea of something is to understand it only vaguely — an unclear, half-formed picture in your mind. Change one small part of an idiom and it stops sounding like English.

Idioms are fixed phrases

Match the idiom to the setting

Idioms sound natural in speech and semi-formal writing, but a formal report usually wants the precise, neutral word instead. A game changer is something that dramatically changes a situation, usually for the better; in formal writing you'd say it had a profound impact — same idea, higher register. A deal-breaker is a single problem serious enough to end an agreement or make someone walk away. And to say a change barely moved the needle means it made almost no difference at all. All three are informal idioms, so swap in the plain formal wording when the setting calls for it.

Idioms for scale and direction

A second group of idioms reports how big a change is, or which way it is heading. A huge step up is a clear improvement on what came before; formally, a significant improvement. A ton stands in for a large amount of money, time or effort — formally, a substantial amount. Heading the other way, if something is going downhill fast it is getting worse quickly (rapidly deteriorating), and if things could go south the situation may turn bad (dire consequences). All four are informal, so a report would use the plain wording instead.