Participle clauses use present participles (**-ing**), past participles (**-ed**/irregular), or perfect participles (**having + past participle**) to replace full relative or adverbial clauses. They make writing more concise and sophisticated, especially in formal and academic contexts.
Practice tip: Identify the subject first. Then choose: **-ing** (active/simultaneous), **-ed** (passive/complete), or **having + pp** (completed before).